Optimización y evaluación de formulaciones enzimáticas encapsuladas de Trichoderma koningiopsis para biocontrol de hongos fitopatógenos
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La agricultura sostenible requiere alternativas eficaces y el biocontrol basado en enzimas derivadas de Trichoderma constituye un enfoque prometedor. Sin embargo, su aplicación se ve limitada por su baja estabilidad y la rápida pérdida de actividad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo optimizar la encapsulación de sobrenadantes enzimáticos de las cepas nativas Trichoderma koningiopsis LBM 116 y LBM 219 mediante alginato de sodio y evaluar el desempeño funcional de las formulaciones obtenidas. Un diseño de superficie de respuesta Box-Behnken permitió identificar las condiciones óptimas de encapsulación (1 % de alginato, 1 % de CaCl₂, aguja de 0,5 mm) y generar cápsulas esféricas (~1300 µm). Las proteasas mostraron alta eficiencia de encapsulación (hasta 84,8 %) y elevada estabilidad operativa, mientras que las β-1,3-glucanasas presentaron retención moderada y pérdida progresiva de actividad. Las quitinasas no se retuvieron en la matriz de alginato. A pesar de la fuga parcial de enzimas, las formulaciones encapsuladas inhibieron significativamente el crecimiento de Fusarium oxysporum LBM 232, con eficacia comparable a los sobrenadantes libres. Estos resultados demuestran que la encapsulación es una estrategia viable para estabilizar enzimas micolíticas; no obstante, será necesario reforzar la matriz para lograr la retención completa del complejo enzimático y mejorar su desempeño a largo plazo en sistemas agrícolas.
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